Tezimi Francis Bacon'in Denemeler (Essayes or Counsels, Civil and Moral) eseri üzerine yazıyorum, kaynak toplama aşamasında yaptığım ilk işlerden birisi kronoloji oluşturmaktı. Bu yöntem sayesinde günümüzden 300-400 yıl öncesini çok daha rahat bir şekilde görebiliyorum. Böylece belirli fikirlerin Bacon tarafından mı yoksa dönemin ortak bir düşüncesi olarak mı ortaya çıkıp çıkmadığı hakkında ipuçları yakalayabiliyor ve buradan hareketle başka yerlere geçebiliyorsunuz.
#DigitalHumities alanı bu şekilde gelişmeye devam ederse, yakında daha rahat şekillerde de görebileceğiz gibi, heyecan verici bir durum.
Üstadın doğum günü şerefine blogta bir şeyler paylaşayım istedim fakat yaşamını yazması biraz sıkıcı (ve şu an benim için vakit kaybı) bu sebeple tez çalışmama yardımcı olsun diye çeşitli kaynaklardan bir araya getirdiğim I.Elizabeth-I.James dönemi 1561-1626 yılllarını kapsayan bir kronoloji ortaya çıktı. Denk geldikçe bir araya getirdiğim bu kronolojide her madde için ayrı bir kaynak gösteremiyorum, herhangi bir maddeye itiraz gelirse kontrolunu sağlamaya çalışırım.
Aşağıda Bacon'ın doğumundan 22 Ocak 1561, ölümüne 9 Nisan 1626 kadarki süreç İngilizce olarak verilmiştir.
KBO*
***
1561
19 August - Mary,
Queen of Scots returns to Scotland.
O'Neill's
rebellion in Ireland.
22 January – Birth of Francis
Bacon
1562
Council of Trent
session III.
Elizabeth's secret
Treaty of Richmond, with French Huguenots.
26 May - Shane O' Neill leads a second rebellion in
Ireland.
1 March - The Duc de Guise orders a massacre of
Huguenots at Vassay, which begins the wars of religion in France.
22 September- Elizabeth signs the Treaty of Hampton Court,
which gives assistance to the French Huguenots.
October - Elizabeth is seriously ill with small pox.
1563
The Thirty Nine
Articles are issued, which define the Anglican faith.
John Foxe's
"Acts and Monuments" or as it is better known, "Book of
Martyrs," is published.
Plague in London.
1564
6 February - Birth of Christopher Marlowe.
8 February - Michaelangelo Buonarroti dies in Rome age 88.
15 February - astronomer Galileo dies.
11 April - Peace of Troyes : Peace between England and
France. England renounces claim to Calais, on payment by French of 222,000
crowns.
23 April - Reputed birth of William Shakespeare.
27 May - John Calvin dies in Geneva.
25 July - Maximilian II succeeds as Holy Roman Emperor,
as King of Austria, Bohemia and Hungary on death of Ferdinand I. Rest of
Hapsburg dominions pass to the Archduke Charles.
1565
29 July - Mary Queen of Scots marries Henry Stuart,
Lord Darnley.
Other Events
Kat Ashley,
Elizabeth's old governess, dies.
Sir John Hawkins
introduces Tobacco to England.
1566
9 March -The murder of David Rizzio by Darnley and his
friends.
19 June - James VI (and later I of England) is born.
10 November - Robert Devereux, the future Earl of Essex.
1567
10 February - Darnley is murdered at Kirk O Field,
Scotland.
24 April - Mary Queen of Cots is "abducted" by
James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell.
15 May - Mary, Queen of Scots, marries James Hepburn,
Earl of Bothwell, after his marriage is annulled.
2 June, Shane O Neill, Earl of Tyrone, is
assassinated.
24 July - Mary is forced to abdicate. Mary's son,
James, is proclaimed King of Scotland.
29 September - Huguenot conspiracy of Meaux to capture
Charles IX provokes the second phase of the wars of religion in France.
6 October - Margaret of Parma resigns the regency of the
Netherlands. The Duke of Alva takes complete command.
1568
23 March - Treaty of Longjumean ends second phase of
French wars of religion.
2 May - Mary Queen of Scots escapes from Lochleven.
16 May - Mary takes refuge in England. But her relief
is short lived, as she is imprisoned.
23 May - William of Orange defeats a Spanish force at
Heiligerlee. This marks the beginning of the Revolt of the Netherlands.
30 September - Eric XIV is depose as he has shown signs of
mental illness, and replaced by his brother John III.
Other Events
The first
Eisteddfod for Welsh music and Literature is held at Caerwys.
The English
Catholic College of Douai founded by William Allen.
Elizabeth seizes
the treasure of a Spanish fleet driven into Plymouth.
1569
9 November - The Northern Rebellion against Elizabeth I
breaks out.
1570
20 February -
Northern Rebellion completely defeated.
23 January - James
Stewart, Earl of Moray, (half brother of Mary Queen of Scots and Regent of
Scotland in King James VI's minority) is assassinated. 25 February -
Elizabeth is excommunicated by the Pope (The Papal Bull).
8 August - The
Peace of Germain-en-Laye ends the third period of the French Wars Of Religion.
Other
Events
Potato is introduced to Europe from Spanish
America
1571
23 January - The
Royal Exchange is opened.
The Ridolfi Plot to assassinate Elizabeth.
7 October - The
Battle of Lepanto. The Ottomans, who have been threatening east Christendom for
the past century, are defeated.
1572
16 January - Thomas
Howard, Duke of Norfolk, is tried for treason (for conspiracy in the Ridolfi
Plot).
22-24 August - The
Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve, in which over 6,000 French Protestants are
murdered, provokes the fourth phase of the French Wars Of Religion.
2 June - Thomas
Howard, Duke of Norfolk, becomes the first nobleman of Elizabeth I's reign to
be executed for treason.
1573
11 May - Poland
elects its first King, choosing Henri of Valois. The election was paid for by
Catherine de Medici.
6 July - Peace
of Bolougne, ends the fourth phase of the French Wars Of Religion.
BACON
attends to Trinity College, Cambridge
with his brother Anthony (1573-75)
1574
23 February - Fifth
phase of the French Wars Of Religion breaks out.
30 May -
Charles IX dies aged 24. He is succeeded by Henry III, who abandons the throne
of Poland and returns to France. Poland is left without a king.
Richard Burbage opens the first Theatre in
England, simply called "The Theatre".
12 December -
Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, dies after falling in
his bath. His son, Murad III, becomes Sultan, and has his brothers strangled in
his presence.
1575
14 November -
Elizabeth I refuses the sovereignty of the Netherlands.
14 December -
Stephen Bathroy, Prince of Transylvania, is elected the new King of Poland.
Other
Events
Elizabeth visits Robert Dudley, Earl of
Leicester, at Kenilworth, amidst spectacular entertainments.
1576
6 May - Peace
of Monsieur ends the fifth phase of the French Wars Of Religion.
12 October - Holy
Roman Emperor, Maximilian II, dies aged 49. He is succeeded by his son, Rudolf.
Bacon
enters Gray’s Inn with Anthony to train in law. Then same year sent to Paris,
stay with Amias Pamlet (until 1579)
1577
17 August - The
Peace of Bergerac ends the sixth phase of the French Wars of Religion.
13 December - Sir
Francis Drake sets out on the first English voyage around the world.
1578
12 March - James
VI takes over the reigns of government in Scotland, the Earl of Morton
resigning the Regency.
4 August -
Sebastian I of Portugal is killed in a battle in north-west Africa. He is
succeeded by Cardinal Henry.
1 October - Don
John of Austria dies of fever.
1579
Rebellion in Ireland.
Simier comes to England in an attempt to
negotiate a marriage between Queen Elizabeth I and Alencon.
Bacon returns
to England after his father’s death. Settles in Gray’s Inn. Anthony left the
country.
1580
5 June - A
Proclamation is made to restrict the growth of London.
25 August - Philip
of Spain invades Portugal, defeating the Portuguese army, and is proclaimed
King of Portugal as Philip I.
26 September - Drake
enters Plymouth Harbour after having circumnavigated the globe.
26 November - Peace
of Fleix ends the seventh phase of the French Wars Of Religion.
MP for
Bossiney in the brief Parliament of that year.
Other
Events
Death of the famous architect Palladio.
Jesuit missionaries arrive in England.
1581
4 April -
Francis Drake is knighted.
Francis, Duke of Alencon, comes to England to
further the negotioations for Queen Elizabeth's hand in marriage.
1 December -
English Jesuit Edmund Campion is executed.
7-11 November - A
marriage treaty is signed between Queen Elizabeth I and Alencon.
1582
18 March - An
assassination attempt against William of Orange, leader of the Dutch revolt
against Spanish rule. He is seriously injured and loses the ability to speak.
He afterwards becomes known as William The Silent.
22 August - James
VI is captured by the English party whilst out hunting. He is kept in captivity
until June 1583.
5 October - The
Gregorian Calendar is adopted in Catholic countries. Consequently, the 5 of
October becomes the 15th.
Other
Events
Plague in London.
1583
20 December - John
Somerville is executed for a plot to assassinate Queen Elizabeth I.
Other
Events
The Irish rebellion is defeated.
Ivan IV kills his son, Ivan, in a fit of
rage.
William of Orange accepts the sovereignty of
the northern Netherlands.
1584
18 March - Death
of Ivan the terrible (Tsar of Russia).
9 June - Death
of Francis, Duke of Alencon.
10 July -
Assassination of William of Orange.
10 July -
Francis Throgmorton is executed for conspiring a Spanish invasion of England.
MP Weymouth
and Melcombe Regis ( a seat sponsored by the Earl of Bedford, to whom he was related
via his aunt Elizabeth.)
Other
Events
The Bond of association is formed, in which
loyal subjects of the Queen pledge allegiance to her and promise to avenge her
murder should it take place.
Sir Walter Raleigh sails to Virginia.
The Spanish Ambassador, Mendoza, is expelled
from England.
1585
29 June -
Elizabeth again refuses sovereignty of the Netherlands.
7 June - The
first English colony in America is established at Roanoke Island, Virginia.
14 August -
Elizabeth issues a declaration that she is taking the Netherlands under her
protection.
3 September - Treaty
of Nonsuch.
The English expedition to the Netherlands
under the leadership of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester. War with Spain begins
as a result.
Delivers
maiden speech in Parliament on a bill concerning wards.
1586
1 July - Treaty
of Berwick, in which Elizabeth I and James VI form a league of amity.
17 July - The
Babington Plot to assassinate Queen Elizabeth I and put Mary, Queen of Scots,
on the throne is discovered by Francis Walsingham.
20 September -
Anthony Babington and his fellow conspirators are executed.
22 September - The
Battle of Zutphen.
11-14 October - The
trial of Mary, Queen of Scots, for her supposed complicity in the Babington
Plot.
17 October - Sir
Philip Sidney dies of wounds received in the Battle of Zutphen.
25 October -
Sentence is pronounced against Mary, Queen of Scots.
12 December - King
Stephen of Poland dies and is succeeded by the son of the Swedish King,
Sigismund.
Becomes Reader at Gray’s Inn; sits as MP for Taunton; speaks in favour
of the execution of Mary Queen of Scots (held in the custody of Sir Amias
Paulet)
1587
1 February -
Elizabeth signs the death warrant of Mary, Queen of Scots.
8 February -
Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots at Fotheringay Castle.
19 April -
English attack Spanish fleet at Cadiz.
18 August - The
first English child to be born in North America, Virginia Dare, is born on
Roanoke Island.
1588
8 August - Defeat
of the Spanish Armada.
4 September - Death
of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester.
4 April -
Frederick II of Denmark dies, aged 53, and is succeeded by his 10 year old son,
Christian IV.
Death of the earl of Leicester. Francis enters the circle of the earl of
Essex; Anthony joins him in 1592 after his return from France following the
death of Elizabeth’s spymaster, Walsingham.
1589
5 January - Death
of Catherine de Medici.
13 April -
Francis Drake and Sir John Norris lead a campaign to Portugal.
31 July - Henry
III of France is murdered.
MP for Liverpool (sponsored by Walsingham). Commissioned to write An Advertisement Touching the Controversies
of the Church of England in response to the Marprelate controversy;
Burghley grants Bacon the reversion of the Clerkship to the Council of the Star
Chamber (a post worth a substantial annual sum, but which he did not actually
obtain for twenty years)
1590
6 April - Death
of Sir Francis Walsingham.
1591
Essex leads the English expedition to
Brittany in an attempt to aid Henry IV.
Increased severity against Recusants.
20 November - Death
of Sir Christopher Hatton.
Trinity College is founded by Queen Elizabeth
I.
1592
Clement VIII is now Pope.
Plague in London.
The Rose Theatre is opened.
Commissioned to write Observations upon a Libel in response to a Jesuit
anti government invective; composes a performance piece for four speakers, ‘Of Tribute’,
possibly as an entertainment at Gray’s Inn, probably on Essex’s behalf
.
1593
25 July - Henry
IV converts to Catholicism.
Further measures taken against recusants.
Plague in London.
1 June -
Christopher Marlowe is killed.
Theatres are temporarily closed.
Anthony Bacon moves into Francis’s chambers at Gray’s Inn. Essex joins
the Privy Council. Francis speaks in Parliament, opposing the granting of a
subsidy to Queen Elizabeth; Burghley informs him that Elizabeth is furious.
Subsequently she fails to promote him
.
1594
22 March - Henry
IV crowned King of France.
Becomes Learned Counsel (personal legal advisor) to Elizabeth; composes Gesta Grayorum for the Gray’s Inn
revels.
Other
Events
Beginning of a series of bad harvests.
Cardinal William Allen dies.
Frobisher dies.
1595
2 February -
Execution of English Jesuit, Robert Southwell.
Raleigh's voyage to Guiana.
6 January -
Ottoman Sultan, Murad III, dies and is succeeded by his son, Mohammed III, who
has his 19 brothers murdered.
23 July - The
Spanish land in Cornwall and burn Penzance and Mousehole.
Vigorous but
unsuccessful campaign by Essex to have Bacon made Solicitor General. Bacon
writes Accession Day Device on behalf of Essex for the queen’s birthday on 17 November,
but begins to distance himself publicly from the earl thereafter.
1596
June/July - Essex's success at Cadiz.
Death of Sir Francis Drake.
Writes Maxims of the Law
1597
Unsuccessful expedition against the Spanish
under the leadership of Essex.
Second Spanish Armada is defeated by bad
weather.First edition of Bacon’s Essays, which have been circulating in
manuscript, published together with his Meditationes
sacrae and Colours of Good and Evil.
Dedicated to Anthony Bacon but presented to Essex with an effusive private
dedication, ‘to whose disposition and commandment I have entirely and
inviolably vowed my poor self, and whatever appertaineth unto me’
4 August - Death of William Cecil.
14 August - Irish forces defeat the English at the Yellow Ford
on the Blackwater River.
13 September - Death of Philip II of Spain. Succession of his son,
Philip III.
Other Events
End of the French Civil War.
Publication of Love's
Labour's Lost, the first play published under Shakespeare's name.
1599
13 January - Death of The
Faerie Queene author Edmund
Spenser.
25 April - Birth of Oliver Cromwell, future Protector of
England following the English Civil War of the seventeenth century.
Other Events
Essex is made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and
sent there. He returns without the Queen's consent and is imprisoned.
Globe Theatre in London is opened.
1600
5 October - Henry IV of France marries Marie de Medici.
5 August - Gowrie Conspiracy in Scotland - James VI is seized
by Lord Gowrie, but later rescued.
Other Events
English East India Company is founded.
Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, tried for misdemeanours
after his return from Ireland.
1601
7-8 January - Essex Revolt against Queen Elizabeth I.
19 February - Essex is tried for treason.
25 February - Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, is executed.
20 November - Queen Elizabeth delivers her "Golden
Speech".
Other Events
A force of 3,000 Spaniards arrive in Ireland to
aid the Irish rebellion.
1602
English Fleet captures a Portuguese treasure
ship. Small pox epidemic.
1603
24 March - Death of Queen Elizabeth I. James VI of Scotland
becomes James I of England.
1598
15 April - Henry IV of France issues the Edict of
Nantes which tolerates Protestants.
Following Essex’s rebellion, Bacon
escapes prosecution when others in Essex’s service are implicated and executed
with him. Bacon is appointed one of the prosecutors at his trial for treason
and writes A Declaration of the Practices and Treasons Attempted and Committed
by Robert, Late Earl of Essex. Anthony Bacon is not prosecuted because of his
ill health; he dies shortly thereafter.
Knighted by James I upon his accession
to the throne after the death of Elizabeth I; gains favour with the king as
brother of the deceased Anthony, since Anthony, unlike Francis, had con- tinued
to support Essex to the end. Bacon writes A
Brief Discourse Touching the Happy Union of the Kingdoms of England and
Scotland.
1604
Appointed Learned Counsel to the king
August - James I
ends the war with Spain. (One of James I's first acts of foreign policy was to end the long war
with Spain, which had continued intermittently for 20 years. The resulting
Treaty of London was largely favourable to Spain, but was also an
acknowledgement by the Spanish that their hopes of bringing England under
Spanish control were over. The end of the war greatly eased the English
government's near bankrupt financial state. England and Spain were at peace for
the next 50 years.)
1605
5 November - Gunpowder
Plot to assassinate James I is discovered: In 1604, a group of English Catholics,
angered by James I's failure to relax the penal laws against their
co-religionists, hatched a plot to blow up the king and parliament by igniting gunpowder
barrels concealed in a vault beneath the building. The plot was discovered
before it could be carried out. The conspirators, including Guy Fawkes after
whom the plot is often known, were either killed resisting arrest, or captured
and then executed by being hanged, drawn and quartered.
Publishes Two Bookes of the Proficiencie and Advancement of Learning, Divine and Humane – generally known as The Advancement of Learning – a
blueprint for how to improve the state of learning in the kingdom designed to
flatter the king, who prided himself on his intellectual interests.
1606
Marries fourteen-year-old Alice Barnham
for her fortune (Bacon was forty-five); eyewitnesses describe the wedding of
Bacon to ‘his young wench’ as a sumptuous affair
1607
September - Irish
Earls flee to the continent fearing arrest:Following their defeat in the Nine
Years' War, Hugh O’Neill, Earl of Tyrone and Rory O’Donnell, Earl of Tyrconnell
were treated leniently by the victorious English government of Ireland and
allowed to retain their lands and titles. But in 1605, the new lord deputy,
Arthur Chichester, began to restrict their authority. Fearing arrest, the two
fled to the continent with 90 family members and followers - the 'Flight of the
Earls'. This marked the end of the power of Ireland’s Gaelic aristocracy.
Makes supremely eloquent speech to
Parliament in favour of the union of Scotland and England; appointed Solicitor
General.
1609
Plantation of Ulster sees Protestants moving onto
confiscated Irish land: In the wake of the Nine Years' War, James I determined to secure Ulster for
the Crown through a systematic settlement programme. Protestants from England
and Scotland were encouraged to move to Ulster, cultivate the land and
establish towns. These 'planters' moved onto land confiscated from its Gaelic
Catholic inhabitants. The plantation was often organised through guilds and
corporations. The London companies were granted the city of Derry, thereafter
known as Londonderry.
De sapientia veterum (Wisdom of the Ancients) published.
1610
Death of Bacon’s mother, who had
descended into mental infirmity some years earlier
.
1611
'King James Bible' is published: By the end of the 16th century,
there were several different English bibles in circulation and the church
authorities felt a definitive version was needed. The 'Authorised Version of
the Bible' (also known as the 'King James Bible') was commissioned in 1604. It
became the most famous English translation of the scriptures and had a profound
impact on the English language.
1612
Publishes second and expanded edition of
his popular Essays.
1613
14 February - James
I's daughter Elizabeth marries Frederick V, Elector Palatine The eldest daughter of James I
and Anne of Denmark, Princess Elizabeth, was widely admired for her beauty,
spirit and charm. She married Frederick V, Elector of the Rhine Palatinate, at
the age of 16 and travelled with him to Heidelberg. Six years later, Frederick
was elected king of Bohemia, but he and Elizabeth were driven out of the
country by Catholic forces soon afterwards. It was through Elizabeth's
descendants that the House of Hanover came to inherit the English throne.
1614
Appointed Attorney General; devises Masque of Flowers to honour the marriage
of Robert Carr, earl of Somerset, and Frances Howard, performed on Twelfth Night.
1616
23 April - William
Shakespeare dies: William
Shakespeare was an English poet and playwright, popular in his time but
subsequently regarded as the greatest writer in the English language. He wrote
numerous sonnets and poems as well as more than 30 plays, including A Midsummer Night's Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Henry V, Richard III, Macbeth, Hamlet and King Lear.
Privy
Councillor; presides at the successful trial of Frances Carr and Somerset for
the murder of Thomas Overbury. Frances was subsequently pardoned, Somerset executed.
Bacon gains the favour of the duke of Buckingham
1617
Bacon closely
involved in the meteoric rise of Buckingham. Appointed Lord Keeper of the Great
Seal; takes up residence in his father’s house (and his own birthplace), York
House in London.
1618
January - Appointed Lord Chancellor. Presides over the successful prosecution
and subsequent execution of Sir Walter Ralegh.
July - Raised to
the peerage as Baron Verulam.
1619
First record of Africans in British North American
colonies: The
first Africans who arrived in Jamestown, Virginia were not slaves but indentured
servants. However, over the course of the 17th century their status
gradually shifted so that more and more became slaves. Race-based slavery soon
became central to the economy of the British colonies in North America.
Bacon and the king both ill with the
stone. Queen Anne dies (James does not attend her funeral)
1620
August - 'Pilgrim
Fathers' sail for America in the 'Mayflower': A group attempting to escape religious
persecution in England sailed for the New World and landed at Plymouth Rock,
Massachusetts. They became known as the 'Pilgrim Fathers', and are often
portrayed as the founders of modern America. In reality, the first permanent
British colony in North America was Jamestown in Virginia, founded by Captain
John Smith in 1607. Jamestown was established on behalf of the London Company,
which hoped to make a profit from the new colony for its shareholders.
October - Publishes first edition of Instauratio magna (Great Instauration, including The
New Organon) in Latin.
1621
Created Viscount St Albans in January.
Impeached in May in the House of Lords for accepting bribes; briefly imprisoned
at the end of May but released to house arrest on 2 June; retired to his house
at Gorhambury on 23 June. Thereafter he returned only occasionally to York
House in London to ‘take physic and provide for his health’.
1622
Publishes History of Henry VII in March (previously presented in manuscript
to James in October 1621 in a bid to return to favour); publishes History of Winds and History of Life and
Death in November (presenting the latter to Buckingham in January 1623)
1623
Publishes De augmentis scientiarum, the Latin translation and elaboration of The Advancement of Learning.
1624
Apophthegms and A Translation of Certain Psalms into English Verse published.
1625
27 March - King James dies and is
succeeded by his son Charles I: James I was struck down by what contemporaries described as 'a tertian
ague' and died in his bed at Theobalds, in Hertfordshire, at the age of 57. He
was succeeded by his only surviving son, Charles, then 24-years-old, who was
proclaimed as king at the gates of Theobalds a few hours later.
17 May - Barbados comes
under British control: Captain John Powell landed in Barbados in 1625 and claimed the island as
a British Caribbean colony. He returned two years later with a group of
settlers and Barbados was developed into a sugar plantation economy using at
first indentured servants and then slaves captured in West Africa.
Bacon officially dismissed from the
Privy Council in April. Bacon publishes his further enlarged Essayes, or Counsels, Civill and Morall.
1626
9 April - Bacon dies at the Highgate home
of the earl of Arundel, having been taken violently ill on the return journey
to Gorhambury after a visit to York House in London to take physic; 20 April,
his widow Alice marries her late husband’s gentleman usher, John Underhill, Bacon’s
chaplain, William Rawley, publishes commemorative volume of Latin poems in
Bacon’s memory; Rawley begins posthumous printing of Bacon’s unpublished
papers: Sylva sylvarum and New Atlantis printed together with
preface by Rawley.
1629-58
Rawley publishes Certain Miscellany Works (1629), Operum moralium et civilium tomus (1638), Resuscitatio (with ‘Life’ by Rawley) (1657) and Opuscula varia posthuma (1658).
